IT Consulting

Here is an article that can help your business grow.

http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/project-management/?p=196

The OSI Model

What is the OSI Model?

The OSI model is a hierarchical model of how different devices, protocols, and applications can interoperate to provide a network. The OSI (open systems interconnect) model was created by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

The applications and protocols that make up the network reside at different layers of the OSI model. Those layers are:

• Layer 7 – Application
• Layer 6 – Presentation
• Layer 5 – Session
• Layer 4 – Transport
• Layer 3 – Network
• Layer 2 – Data Link
• Layer 1 – Physical

For certification tests like the Cisco CCNA certification, most admins remember these layers by taking the first letter of the layer and matching it with a word. Here are some common ways to remember the OSI model:

• All People Seem To Need Data Processing
• Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
• Phew Dead Ninja Turtles Smell Particularly Awful

A common question is, “What application or protocol resides at each of the layers?” Here is a general overview:

Layer 7 – Application
The application layer is where the protocols and services that make up your application reside. Examples of what is located here are: Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

Layer 6 – Presentation
The presentation layer “presents” the session layer data to the application. Examples of what is located here are: encryption (like IPSec), ASCII, and JPG.

Layer 5 – Session
This layer is responsible for initiating and terminating network connections. Examples of the session layer are Remote Procedure Call (RPC) functions and the login portion of a SQL session.

Layer 4 – Transport
TCP and UDP work at the transport layer. TCP provides the reliable, in-order delivery of your data, as well as error correction, sequencing, and windowing (flow control). Additionally, TCP at the transport layer provides source and destination port numbers that are commonly associated with applications. For example, TCP port 25 is SMTP, 23 is telnet, 22 is SSH, 80 is HTTP, and so on. These port numbers are very important if you are configuring an ACL (see my article, “What you need to know about Cisco IOS access-list filtering“) or studying for a certification test like the CCNA. Data at the transport layer is called a segment.

Layer 3 – Network
The network layer is where the “IP” part of “TCP/IP” happens. IP is responsible for addressing in the network. Because IP works at layer 3, you could also say that routing and routers work at layer 3. Any data at layer 3 is called a packet.

Layer 2 – Data Link
If you think about a WAN, there are many protocols that work at layer 2 (like PPP and Frame-Relay). However, if you just look at the LAN, the most well known protocol associated with layer 2 is Ethernet. The Ethernet protocol uses MAC addresses to identify unique devices on the network. Any data at layer 2 is called a frame. Ethernet switches work at layer 2 to switch Ethernet packets. To do this, they keep a MAC address table or CAM table — mapping MAC addresses to switch ports.

Layer 1 – Physical
The physical layer provides the actual connection between devices. Ethernet cables and fiber optic cables work at layer 1. Data goes through the cables via electricity or light. That data is now represented as a bit (a one or a zero).

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Human Recognition Systems (HRS) is an integrator of password management and biometric technology, including fingerprint recognition and Single Sign-on software

Binary Decimal Converter Calculator

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IP Address Guide | Ping | Traceroute | DNS Lookup | CIDR | Geolocation | HTML Validator

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This site includes lots of information that is time and date related, such as yearly and monthly calendars, countdown counters and the world clock which shows current time in cities all over the world.

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Look up an IP address and get the corresponding domain name. Then get the “whois” database information for the domain.

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Extensive directory of the Best Web Sites for Windows Powered Pocket PCs, Handheld PCs, Windows Media, PDA and Smartphones

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CMSGRP01 Group Manager

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RDNS – Reverse DNS Pointer Records

RDNS – Reverse DNS Pointer Records

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Protecting Information on your Laptop

Business laptops are a treasure for every hacker or corporate spy. The average corporate laptop is full of business email, confidential documents and more often then not, the user of the laptop has the same passwords on the laptop as on his corporate application and e-mail.

Here is a truly bizarre example of what could happen: Lifetime of FREE BEER for Laptop
Private laptops are also very interesting (especially those of celebrities)

And yet, the security awareness of the owners of laptops is somewhat lacking. So here are 5 simple rules that can help you keep your laptop safe:

1. Do not leave a laptop unattended in areas accessible by the general public – Leaving a laptop anywhere where it can be seen and picked up by another person is a very bad idea. This includes the table in your favorite cafe, the company cafeteria, airport lounge or waiting room, even an unlocked office where there is a possibility for an untrusted person to walk in.
2. If you must leave your laptop, secure it – In the unlikely case where you must leave your laptop, make sure it is very difficult for someone to steal it. Either place it in a cabinet (preferably locked) or use a Kensington Lock to bind your laptop to something difficult to move (office furniture, central heating pipes).
3. Carry your laptop in an inconspicuous bag – Avoid manufacturer branded laptop cases, since they scream “there is a laptop in here”. Simply, invest $30-$40 in a simple unmarked document bag which has a laptop compartment. Please note: Do NOT go overboard and buy a designer bag costing as much as the laptop, since then the bag itself will be a target for theft.
4. Do not leave a laptop in a visible place in your car – A lot of petty criminals can see an excellent opportunity to steal any kind of bag left on a seat of a parked vehicle. Ideally, never leave your laptop in the car. If it must be left, place it in the trunk of the car, and check that you have locked the car and fully closed all windows.
5. Encrypt the entire hard drive – if all else fails, the value of the information within the laptop is usually much greater then the value of the hardware. Encrypting the entire hard drive will make much more difficult for the thief to extract the valuable information, and can prolong the extraction time to a point when the extracted information will be useless. Encrypting the entire hard drive will cause performance reduction of the disk subsystem, but this is always acceptable when compared to the protection it offers, even for home users. There are several products which can perform full drive encryption like Windows Vista BitLocker, a free TrueCrypt software, and several commercial add-on packages. NOTE: Do not try encrypting only part of the hard drive or certain files. This will not add too much security, since the attacker has an entire computer full of data to search for clues to your decryption password.

Fixing a Computer Infected by Virus

When a good and powerful virus infects a computer, most likely it will disable you from running Task Manager (taskmgr.exe), Registry Editor (regedit.exe), Command Prompt (cmd.exe), System Configuration Utility (msconfig.exe), configuring Folder Options and hide the Run from Start Menu. Reason the virus does that is because most of the time it is “possible” for computer experts to remove the virus by using the built-in Windows programs without any third party tools.
But if you can’t run Task Manager, you cannot end the suspicious process. You could use the taskkill command in command prompt to kill the process but again you won’t be able to do that if CMD has been disabled. Perhaps you can run msconfig to stop the virus from auto startup but also cannot because of the virus. For advance computer users who has knowledge in registry and thought that they could manually remove the virus auto startup entries there, they too can’t do anything about it if regedit has been disabled. Disabling of Folder Options is to stop you from setting your computer to display hidden and system files. This way you can’t see the virus file and hence you won’t be able to delete them.
It is easy to re-enable all those tools back by modifying some values in your registry but if the is still virus active in your computer, the restrictions will be restored back. So for emergency cases, here are some replacement tools you can use to replace the disabled Windows tools.
1. Task Manager taskmgr.exe Replacement
- Task Manager is very important because that is where you get to see all the running processes and also the amount of memory and CPU usage. If you find anything suspicious there, you can try terminating it. If you cannot run Task Manager and get the error message “Task Manager has been disabled by your administrator”, you can try using Process Explorer. It is portable and you can save it in your USB flash drive.
2. Registry Editor regedit.exe Replacement
- Without the ability to access Windows registry, you cannot manually make any changes at all. You can however, import registry REG files. When a virus has disabled regedit, you should see the message “Registry editing has been disabled by your administrator” when you try to run it. A good regedit alternative is RegAlyzer, developed by the author of the famous SpyBot. RegAlyzer requires installation but you can copy the whole RegAlyzer folder to your USB flash drive and run it as portable application.
3. Command Prompt cmd.exe Replacement
- Command Prompt is a very powerful command line tool which supports a lot of commands when you find it impossible to do it in Windows. If you try to run cmd and get the following message “The command prompt has been disabled by your administrator. Press any key to continue”, you can try using GS. GS is a cmd replacement but it is a little old, dated back in year 2005. We’re not looking for a permanent replacement, so it is good enough as long as it can support some important command lines. Do take note that “Console2″, is an EXTENSION for command prompt. If cmd is disabled, Console2 won’t work. GS is small, free and portable.
4. Run Dialog Box Replacement
- Some virus will also remove the run command from your Start Menu and it is not easy to restore it back. Although this is not really important, but it could easily allow you to run important commands. Run dialog replacement v1.0 is small, only 48KB in size and portable. If you have Process Explorer, you can also access the run command from File > Run, or just hit CTRL+R.
5. System Configuration Utility msconfig.exe Replacement
- MSCONFIG is the first place that I will go to check if a computer has a virus. If you run msconfig and go to the Startup tab, it will list all programs that will start when Windows is booted up using the common startup method. Virus makers are aware of this and usually they will either delete your original msconfig.exe file or change the reference location in registry. You should get this message “Windows cannot find ‘msconfig’. Make sure you typed the name correctly, and then try again. To search for a file, click the Start button, and then click Search.” when type msconfig at the run dialog box. One very good msconfig alternative is definitely Autoruns, which is from the same author as Process Explorer. Autoruns has the most comprehensive knowledge of auto-starting locations of any startup monitor, shows you what programs are configured to run during system bootup or login.
6. Enable Show hidden files and protected operating system files
- I’ve tried many File Managers and most of them inherits the Show Hidden Files and Folders or Hide protected operating system files from Folder Options settings in Windows. If a virus is still active in memory, it will keep on changing the settings to disable you from viewing hidden and system files. I found one free file manager called FreeCommander which is able to show you all hidden files and folders as well as protected operating system files no matter what is the settings in Folder Options. It actually ignores the permission in Folder Options! It is portable, so you can also copy the whole extracted folder to your USB flash drive.
and 6 more ….
- autorun management application
- Proccess Master
- Sohand Removal tool
- Files And Folders Reset attrebiutes